Many of the Orthodox Catholic lines vested in the Ancient Church Global (ACG) represent certain “exotic” or legendary heritage.
Apostolic lines are generally considered to be “characterized” by any distinctive heritage, as a result of the canonical requirement of Doctrinal Succession (Acts 2:38-42; John 7:16-17; I Timothy 4:16; I Corinthians 11:2; I Timothy 1:3-4). Accordingly, they are informally named after the most distinctive tradition which characterizes each line, based upon the doctrines and practices of the most notable Bishops through whom such lines continued.
Some of the most culturally significant lines of Apostolic Succession of the Ancient Catholic Church (ACG) are briefly summarized here, indicating the descriptive name of each distinct tradition, the year when each became identifiable as a separate path of lineage, and the key historical figures who characterized each line:
Melchizedek” Orthodox Catholic
Pontifical Line of 38 AD
“Melchizedek” Orthodox Catholic Pontifical Line of 38 AD – From Jesus the High Priest of our profession and the most ancient Magi Priesthood of Melchizedek, to Apostle Saint Peter sub-condicione in 38 AD, through a direct lineal succession of all Roman Catholic Popes from 67 AD until 1655, including:
- Pope Honorius II (ratified Temple Rule of the Knights Templar) in 1124 AD,
- Pope Innocent II (granted Omne Datum Optimum Templar sovereignty) in 1130 AD,
- Pope Celestine II (of Milites Templi) in 1143 AD, the Cistercian Pope Eugenius III (of Militia Dei, also created first Independent Bishops of Independent Church Movement, supported by Saint Bernard de Clairvaux) in 1145 AD,
- Pope Urban IV (of Pantaleon confirming Templar origins in the historical Biblical Temple of Solomon) in 1261 AD,
- Pope Clement V (issued Chinon Parchment vindicating the Knights Templar) in 1305 AD,
- Pope John XXII (granted Papal Patronage to Spanish “Order of Montessa” to absorb surviving Templars, and allowed Templars of Portugal to change name to “Knights of Christ”) in 1316 AD,
- Pope Leo X (of Debitum Pastoralis confirming autonomous jurisdiction and immunity of Independent Bishops) in 1513 AD;
- Then to Cardinal Barberini (created first Jesuit branch of Apostolic Old Catholic lines from the Vatican) in 1655,
- to Archbishop Michael Le Tellier (Jesuit Provincial, Confessor to French King Louis XIV who codified Rules of Courtly Etiquette of 1682 AD as Knights Templar heritage of the Ancient Priesthood) in 1668,
- through Cistercian Bishop Dominicus Varlet (Coadjutor and successor Patriarch to Latin Bishop of Babylon in Persia) in 1719,
- to Archbishop Van Steenhoven (restoring Utrecht succession for early Old Catholic Church) (supported by Pope Benedict XIV who restored “Gnostic Templar Rosicrucian Lines” to canonical Vatican status, and granted King of Portugal the headquarters of Knights Templar as
renamed “Order of Christ” to support Templar survival) in 1724, - through Archbishop Gerardus Gul (supported by Pope Leo XIII who “restablished” the Order of Malta Grand Mastery after 587 years of abeyance, setting precedent for restoring the Knights Templar) in 1892,
- to Archbishop Arnold Harris Matthew (Roman Catholic Priest, made Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX, first Old Catholic Bishop of Great Britain) in 1914,
- and Bishop James Ingall Wedgewood (founder of the Liberal Catholic Movement, mentored by Theosophical Society, Sorbonne doctoral scholar) in 1916.
The Record of Apostolic Succession from Saint Andrew the Apostle
1. St. Andrew the First Called Apostle, founder of Byzantium A.D. 38
2. St. Stachys the Apostle of the Seventy, Bishop of Byzantium 38-54
3. St. Onesimos the Apostle, Bishop of Byzantium 54-68
4. Polykarpos, Bishop of Byzantium 69-89
5. Ploutarchos, Bishop of Byzantium 89-105
6. Sedekion, Bishop of Byzantium 105-114
7. Diogenes, Bishop of Byzantium 114-129
8. Eleftherios, Bishop of Byzantium 129-136
9. Felix, Bishop of Byzantium 136-141
10. Polykarpos II, Bishop of Byzantium 141-144
11. Athenodoros, Bishop of Byzantium 144-148
12. Euzoios, Bishop of Byzantium 148-154
13. Laurentios, Bishop of Byzantium 154-166
14. Alypios, Bishop of Byzantium 166-169
15. Pertinax, Bishop of Byzantium 169-187
16. Olympianos, Bishop of Byzantium 187-198
17. Markos I, Bishop of Byzantium 198-211
18. Philadelphos, Bishop of Byzantium 211-214
19. Kyriakos I, Bishop of Byzantium 214-230
20. Kastinos, Bishop of Byzantium 230-237
21. Eugenios I, Bishop of Byzantium 237-242
22. Titos, Bishop of Byzantium 242-272
23. Dometios, Bishop of Byzantium 272-303
24. Roufinos, Bishop of Byzantium 303
25. Provos, Bishop of Byzantium 303-315
26. St Metrophanes I, Bishop of Byzantium 315-325
27. St. Alexandros, Bishop of Byzantium 325-340
*During the reign of St Alexandros, the city was renamed Constantinople, and the See was elevated to an Archbishopric*
28. Paulos I the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople 340-41, 342-34, 348-50
29. Eusebios of Nicodemia, Archbishop of Constantinople 341-342
30. Makedonios I, Archbishop of Constantinople 344-348, 350-360
31. Eudoxios, Archbishop of Constantinople 360-369
32. Demophilos, Archbishop of Constantinople 369-379
33. Evagrios, Archbishop of Constantinople 379
34. Maximos I, Archbishop of Constantinople 38
35. St. Gregory the Theologian, Archbishop of Constantinople 379-381
36. Nectarios, Archbishop of Constantinople 381-397
37. St. John I, the Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople 398-404
38. Arsakios, Archbishop of Constantinople 404-405
39. Attikos, Archbishop of Constantinople 406-425
40. Sisinios I, Archbishop of Constantinople 425-427
41. St. Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople 428-431
42. Maximianos, Archbishop of Constantinople 431-434
43. St. Proklos, Archbishop of Constantinople 434-447
44. St Flavianos, Archbishop of Constantinople 447-449
45. St. Anatolios, Archbishop of Constantinople 449-458
*During the reign of St Anatolios, the See was elevated to a Patriarchate at the Council of Chalcedon*
46. Gennadios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 458-471
47. Akakios, Patriarch of Constantinople 471-489
48. Favritas, Patriarch of Constantinople 489-490
49. Euphemios, Patriarch of Constantinople 490-496
50. Makedonios II, Patriarch of Constantinople 496-511
51. Timotheos I, Patriarch of Constantinople 511-518
52. John II – the Cappadocian, Patriarch of Constantinople 518-520
53. Epiphanios, Patriarch of Constantinople 520-535
54. Anthimos, Patriarch of Constantinople 535-536
55. Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople 536-552
56. Eutychios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 552-565, 577-582
57. John III, Patriarch of Constantinople 566-577
58. Eutychios II, Patriarch of Constantinople 577-582
59. John IV, Patriarch of Constantinople 582-595
60. Kyriakos II, Patriarch of Constantinople 595-607
61. Thomas I, Patriarch of Constantinople 607-610
62. Serios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 610-638
63. Pyrros, Patriarch of Constantinople 638-641, 652-654
64. Paulos II, Patriarch of Constantinople 641-652
65. Pyrros II (same person as Pyrros I above)
66. Petros, Patriarch of Constantinople 652-664
67. Thomas II, Patriarch of Constantinople 665-668
68. John V, Patriarch of Constantinople 668-674
69. Constantine I, Patriarch of Constantinople 674-676
70. Theodoros I, Patriarch of Constantinople 676-678, 683-686
71. Georgios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 678-683
72. Paulos III, Patriarch of Constantinople 686-693
73. Kallinikos I, Patriarch of Constantinople 693-705
74. Kyros, Patriarch of Constantinople 705-711
75. John VI, Patriarch of Constantinople 711-715
76. St. Germanos I the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople 715-730
77. Anastasios, Patriarch of Constantinople 730-751
78. Constantine II, Patriarch of Constantinople 754-766
79. Niketas the Slav, Patriarch of Constantinople 766-780
80. Paulos IV, Patriarch of Constantinople 780-784
81. St. Tarasios, Patriarch of Constantinople 784-806
82. Nikephoros I, Patriarch of Constantinople 806-815
83. Theodotos Melissenos, Patriarch of Constantinople 815-821
84. Antonios I, Kasymatas, Patriarch of Constantinople 821-826
85. John VIII the Grammatikos, Patriarch of Constantinople 826-842
86. Methodios I the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople 842-846
87. Prince Ignatios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 846-857, 867-878
88. St. Photios the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople 857-867, 878-886
89. Prince Stephanos I, Patriarch of Constantinople 886-893
90. Antonios II, kavleas, Patriarch of Constantinople 893-895
91. Nikolaos I, the Mystic, Patriarch of Constantinople 895-906, 911-925
92. Euthymios I, Patriarch of Constantinople 906-911
93. Stephanos II, Patriarch of Constantinople 925-928
94. Tryphon, Patriarch of Constantinople 928-931
95. Theophylactos, Lakapenos, Patriarch of Constantinople 923-956
96. Polyeuctos, Patriarch of Constantinople 956-970
97. Vasilios I, Skamandrenos, Patriarch of Constantinople 970-974
98. Antonios III, Skandalios, Patriarch of Constantinople 974-980
99. Nikolaos II, Chrysoverges, Patriarch of Constantinople 984-996, who in 989 AD consecrated,
100. St. Michael the Syrian, Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus’ 989-996
*During the reign of St. Michael the Syrian, the Metropolitan See of Kiev was established by the Patriarchate of Constantinople*
101. Leontius, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 998
102. John, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1015
103. Theopemtus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1037
104. Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1051
105. George, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1072
106. John II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1080
107. John III, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1089
108. Ephraim, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1096
109. Nicholas, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1098
110. Nicephorus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1108
111. Nicetas, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1124
112. Michael II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1127
113. Clement, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1197
114. Constantine, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1136
115. Theodore, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1160
116. John IV, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1164
117. Constantine II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1167
118. Nicephorus II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1185
119. Matthew, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1201
120. Kyrill I, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1205
121. Joseph, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1240
122. Kyrill II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1250
123. Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1283
124. St. Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1308
125. Theognostes, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1328
126. Alexis, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1353
127. Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1380
128. Photius, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1410
129. Isidore, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ 1432
130. St. Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1448
*During the reign of St. Jonah, the Russian Orthodox Church gains full autocephaly, dropping title of “Kiev” and becoming the Metropolitan See of Moscow and All Rus, separating from the Patriarchate of Constantinople*
131. Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1462
132. Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1467
133. Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1472
134. Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1491
135. Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1496
136. Barlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1511
137. Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1522
138. Joasaph, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1539
139. Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1542
140. Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1654
141. Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1565
142. Cyrill III, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1568
143. Anthony, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1572
144. Dionysius, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1582
145. St. Job, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus’ 1589
*During the reign of St. Job, the Metropolitan See was elevated to a Patriarchate *
146. St. Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1606
147. St. Philaret, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1620
148. Joasaph I, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1631
149. Joseph, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1642
150. Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1653
151. Joasaph II, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1667
152. Pitirim, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1672
153. Joachim, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1673
154. Adrian, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1690
155. Mar Stephen of Rostov, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ 1701
156. The Most Holy Synod led by Metropolitans and Archbishops 1721-1918
157. St. Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’, The Most Holy Synod
158. Marcarious (Makarij) Meveskij, Patriarch of All Russia (1884-1917), assisted by Bishop Innocentus II of St. Petersberg, consecrated Metropolitan Evdokim as Metropolitan, who on May 11, 1927 Consecrated,
159. Bishop Afitimos Ofiesh, elected by Patriarch Tycon and the Holy Synod of Moscow, as Bishop of Brooklyn, New York; Bishop Ofiesh was later elevated by Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York to the rank of Archbishop.
*During this period under Archbishop Ofiesh, the Metropolia American Orthodox Catholic Church was forged.*
Archbishop Aftimios Ofiesh, Exarch and Primate of the American Orthodox Catholic Church (assisted by Metropolitan Elias of Tyre and Sidon of the Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and Bishop Emmanuel Abo-Hatab [Rizkallah Abouhatab] of the Syrian Orthodox mission of the Russian North American Diocese)
Consecrated on May 26, 1928
160. Bishop Sophoronios Bishara as Bishop of Los Angeles, who (being assisted by Metropolitan Theophan (Noli), head of the Albanian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in exile in the USA)
Consecrated on February 10, 1934
161. Bishop Christopher Contrageroge as Bishop of Philadelphia. Bishop Christopher was later was named Metropolitan of Pentapolis and the Exarch in America of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
Metropolitan Christopher Contrageroge, Metropolitan of Pentapolis and the Exarch in America of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
consecrated on November 3, 1935
162. Archbishop Arsenios Saltas as Archbishop and Exarch in the United States and Canada for the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, who
Consecrated in 1935
163. Bishop Joseph Klimovicz who would be later elevated to Archbishop and Patriarch of the Orthodox Catholic Patriarchate of America, who
Consecrated on October 15, 1950
164. Metropolitan Peter Andrew Zurawetsky as Metropolitan Bishop for the Orthodox Church of America, who
Consecrated on July 1, 1961
165. Bishop Robert Schuyler Zeiger. Bishop Zeiger would become Archbishop and Primate of the Byzantine Catholic Church, who
Consecrated on June 21, 1964
166. Archbishop Christopher Maria Carl John Stanley, who
Consecrated on January 10, 1965
167. Leo Christopher Skelton Miller, who would be elected Patriarch Mar Markus I of the Byzantine Catholic Church, who
Consecrated on September 30, 1984
168. Metropolitan Archbishop William Francis Patrick Malloy, Jr. M.Div PhD, who at the decree of Patriarch Heyward “Paul” Bruce Ewart III of the Holy Catholic Church International
Consecrated on June 10, 2012
169. Archbishop Charles Hill Sr, PhD, DD ,
Archbishop in The Holy Catholic Church International and Presiding Prelate of Ambassadors for Christ Ministries of America who with co-consecrators Metropolitan-Archbishop Frank Bobo, IV and Archbishop Arthur Smith,
consecrated on June 20, 2014
170. Patriarch Vernon W. Huffman at the decree of Pontiff Charles R. Hill Sr, PhD, DD, to be Supreme Pontiff Vernon Mar-Enoch Huffman of the Ancient Church Global (ACG).
Consecrated on August 18, 2023
The Catholic Apostolic Succession of Saints Peter and Thomas the Apostles down through the Antiochian Patriarchate, and the Malankara Metropolitanate.
St. Peter the Apostle (37-67)
St. Evodius the Apostle (67-68)
St. Ignatius I (68-107)
St. Heron (107-127)
St. Korneilos (127-154)
St. Heros (154-169)
St. Theophilos (169-182)
St. Maximos I (182-191)
St. Seraphion (191-211)
St. Ascelpiadis the Confessor (211-220)
Philitus (220-231)
Zbina (231-237)
St. Babulas the Martyr (237-251)
Fabius (254-551)
S. Demetrianos (254-260)
Paul I of Samosate (260-268)
Domnus I (268-273)
Timos (273-282)
Cyrille I (283-303)
Tyrannos (304-314)
Vitalis (314-320)
St. Philogone (320-3230
Paulinos of Tyre (323-324)
Ostatheous (324-337)
The Arians took control of the See of Antioch and appointed the following Patriarchs:
Eulalius (331-333)
Euphornius (333-334)
Philaclus (334-342)
Stephanos (342-344)
Leonce (344-357)
Eudoxyos (358-359)
Euzoios (360)
St. Malatius (360-381)
St. Flavin I (381-404)
Porphyros (404-412)
Alexander (412-417)
Theodotos (417-428)
John I (428-442)
Domnus II (442-499)
Maximos II (449-455)
Maximos abdicated and the Chalcedonians seized control over the See of Antioch and appointed the following Patriarchs:
Basil (456-458)
Aqaq (458-459)
Martoros (459-468)
Peter II the Fuller (Qassar) (468-488)
Bladius (488-498)
Flavin II (498-512)
St. Severius the Great (512-538)
Paul the Jew (518-521)
Euphrosius (521-528)
Ephrem of Amid (528-546)
Sargius of Tella (544-546)
During this turbulent time, the Holy See remained vacant for 4 years.
Paul II the Black of Alexandria (550-575)
The Holy See remained vacant for the next few years.
Peter III of Raqqa (581-591)
Julian I (595-591)
Athanasius I Gammolo (595-631)
John II of the Sedre (631-648)
Theodore (649-667)
Severius II bar Masqeh (667-681)
Athanasius II (683-686)
Julian II (686-708)
Elias I (709-723)
Athanasius III (724-740)
Iwanis I (740-754)
After the death of Iwanis, two Patriarchs were appointed at the behest of the Caliph:
Euwanis I (754-?)
Athanasius al-Sandali (?-758)
George I (758-790)
Joseph (790-792)
Quryaqos of Takrit (793-817)
Dionysius I of Tellmahreh (817-845)
John III (846-873)
Ignatius II (878-883)
Theodosius Romanos of Takrit (887-896)
Dionysius II (897-909)
John IV Qurzahli (910-922)
Baselius I (923-935)
John V (936-953)
Iwanis II (954-957)
Dionysius III (958-961)
Abraham I (962-963)
John VI Sarigta (965-985)
Athanasius IV of Salah (986-1002)
John VII bar `Abdun (1004-1033)
Dionysius IV Yahya (1034-1044)
Due to internal conflicts within the Church, the Holy See was vacant for the next few years.
John VIII (1049-1057)
Athanasius V (1058 -1063)
John IX bar Shushan (1063-1073)
Baselius II (1074-1075)
After the death of Baselius, John Abdun got himself appointed Patriarch and caused trouble in the Church. He was deposed but continued causing trouble until 1091.
Dionysius V Lazaros (1077-1078)
Iwanis III (1080-1082)
Dionysius VI (1088-1090)
Athanasius VI bar Khamoro (1091-1129)
John X bar Mawdyono (1129-1137)
Athanasius VII bar Qutreh (1138-1166)
Michael I the Great (1166-1199)
Athanasius VIII (1200-1207)
John XI (1208-1220)
Ignatius III David (1222-1252)
John XII bar Ma`dani (1252-1263)
Ignatius IV Yeshu (1264-1282)
Philoxenos I Nemrud (1283-1292)
Michael II (1292-1312)
Michael III Yeshu (1312-1349)
Baselius III Gabriel (1349-1387)
Philoxenos II the Writer (1387-1421)
Baselius IV Shem`un (1421-1444)
Ignatius Behnam al-Hadli (1445-1454)
Ignatius Khalaf (1455-1483)
Ignatius John XIII (1483-1493)
Ignatius Nuh of Lebanon (1493-1509)
Ignatius Yeshu I (1509-1512)
Ignatius Jacob I (1512-1517)
Ignatius David I (1517-1520)
Ignatius Abd-Allah I (1520-1557)
Ignatius Ne`met Allah I (1557-1576)
Ignatius David II Shah (1576-1591)
Ignatius Pilate I (1591-1597)
Ignatius Hadayat Allah (1597-1639)
Ignatius Simon I (1640-1659)
Ignatius Yeshu II Qamsheh (1659-1662)
Ignatius Abdul Masih I (1662-1686)
Ignatius George II (1687-1708)
Ignatius Isaac Azar (1709-1722)
Ignatius Shukr Allah II (1722-1745)
Ignatius George III (1745-1768)
Ignatius George IV (1768-1781)
Ignatius Matthew (1782-1817)
Ignatius Yunan (1817-1818)
Ignatius George V (1819-1837)
Ignatius Elias II (1838-1847)
Ignatius Jacob II (1847-1871)
Ignatius Peter IV (1872-1894)
His Holiness Ignatius Peter IV, righful Prince-Patriarch of the Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch was wrongfully deposed under a coup. Before departing the Patriarchate, he did grant Metropolitan Archbishops Paulose Mar Athanasious, Mar Joseph Dionesious, Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala, Mar Paulose Evanios of Kandanadu and Mar Athanasios (Kadavil) in Kottayam on 29 July 1889 permission by Patriarchal Bull to consecrate Metropolitan Archbishop Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares (Julius Mar Alvarez), Latin Rite Metropolitan of Goa, Ceylon and Greater India in the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church on 28 July 1889, on who Consecrated on May 28, 1892
Metropolitan Archbishop Mar Timotheos to serve as Old Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of North America, who consecrated on 1917
Bishop Paul Miraglia Gulotti, who Consecrated on October 15, 1960
Archbishop Peter A Zurawetzky, who with Bishop Hubert A. Rogers and Archbishop Robert Shuyler Zeiger Consecrated on June 21, 1964
Archbishop Christopher Maria Carl John Stanley who Consecrated on January 10, 1965
Patriarch Mar Marcus I, Primate of the Byzantine Catholic Church, who Consecrated on September 30, 1984
Metropolitan Archbishop William Francis Patrick Malloy, Jr, M.Div, Ph.D, Primate of the American Independent Old Catholic Church, and Metropolitan Archbishop in the Holy Catholic Church International who Consecrated on June 10, 2012
Patriarch Charles R. Hill, Sr., Ph.D., D.D. as Archbishop in the Holy Catholic Church International and Patriarch of Ambassadors for Christ Ministries of America (later made Patriarch of the Ancient Catholic Church which is the Ancient Church Global (ACG).
Patriarch Vernon W. Huffman made Pontiff Vernon Mar-Enoch Huffman by Pontiff Charles R. Hill, Sr., Ph.D., D.D. of the Ancient Church Global (ACG). Consecrated on August 18th, 2023.
The historic apostolic succession of the Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East follows along the lines of Eastern Catholic Church tradition. The Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch is an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Church of Rome. The list can be found in the records of the Patriarchate, tracing all the way back to the episcopate of Saint Peter, Prince of the Apostles its first Bishop.
The Catholic Apostolic Succession of Saint Peter the Apostle down through the Antiochian Patriarchate, the Byzantine Catholic Church, Ancient Church Global.
The Historic Apostolic Succession of the Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and All The East, Jerusalem, and Alexandria:
The Episcopacy of St. Peter the Apostle in Antioch (45-c.53)
The Episcopacy of St. Evodius the Apostle in Antioch (53-c.68)
The Episcopacy of St. Ignatius in Antioch. (68-100)
The Episcopacy of Heros in Antioch. (100-127)
The Episcopacy of Cornelius in Antioch. (127-c.151)
The Episcopacy of Heros II in Antioch. (151-c.169)
The Episcopacy of Theophilus in Antioch. (169-182)
The Episcopacy of Maximianus in Antioch. (182-191)
The Episcopacy of Serapion in Antioch. (191-211)
The Episcopacy of Aslipiades in Antioch. (212-218)
The Episcopacy of Philetus in Antioch. (218-231)
The Episcopacy of Zebinus (a.k.a. Zenobius) in Antioch. (231-237)
The Episcopacy of St. Babylas in Antioch. (237-253)
The Episcopacy of Fabius in Antioch. (253-256)
The Episcopacy of Demetrian in Antioch. (256-262), who was taken captive by the Persians under Shapur
The Episcopacy of Paul of Samosata in Antioch. (260–268) supported by Zenobia, deposed by Emperor Aurelian; in Paul’s time Lucian of Antioch was head of the Antiochene catechetical school
The Episcopacy of Domnus I in Antioch (268/9–273/4) supported by Emperor Aurelian
The Episcopacy of Timaeus in Antioch. (273/4–282)
The Episcopacy of Cyril in Antioch. (283–303)
The Episcopacy of Tyrannion in Antioch. (304–314)
The Episcopacy of Vitalius in Antioch. (314-320)
The Episcopacy of Philogonius in Antioch. (320–323)
The Episcopacy of Paulinus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Eustathius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Paulinus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Eulalius (5 months) in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Euphronius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Placentius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Stephanus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Leontius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Eudoxius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Meletius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Eudoxius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Annias (a.k.a. Ammianus) in Antioch.
The Episcopacy of Eudozius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Dorotheus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Paulinus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Vitalius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Flavian in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Porphyrius in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Alexander in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Theodotus in Antioch
The Episcopacy of John in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Domnus II in Antioch
The Episcopacy of Maximus in Antioch
See elevated to dignity of a Patriarchate by the Council of Chalcedon in 451
The Patriarchate of Basil in Antioch (459)
The Patriarchate of Acacius in Antioch (459)
The Patriarchate of Martyrius in Antioch (461)
The Patriarchate of Peter the Fuller in Antioch (465)
The Patriarchate of Julian in Antioch. (466)
The Patriarchate of Peter the Fuller in Antioch (474)
The Patriarchate of John II in Antioch (475)
The Patriarchate of Stephen II in Antioch (490)
The Patriarchate of Stephen III in Antioch (493)
The Patriarchate of Callandion in Antioch (495)
The Patriarchate of John Codonatus in Antioch (495)
The Patriarchate of Palladius in Antioch (497)
The Patriarchate of Flavian II in Antioch (505)
The Patriarchate of Severus in Antioch (513)
The Patriarchate of Paul II in Antioch (518)
The Patriarchate of Euphrasius in Antioch (521)
The Patriarchate of Ephraim in Antioch (526)
The Patriarchate of Domnus III in Antioch (546)
The Patriarchate of Anastasius the Sinaite in Antioch (561)
The Patriarchate of Gregory in Antioch 571)
The Patriarchate of Anastasius the Sinaite in Antioch (594
The Patriarchate of Anastasius II in Antioch (599)
The Patriarchate of Gregory II, in Antioch (610)
The Patriarchate of Anastasius III in Antioch (620)
The Patriarchate of Macedonius in Antioch (628)
The Patriarchate of George in Antioch (640)
The Patriarchate of Macarius in Antioch (656)
The Patriarchate of Theophanes in Antioch (681)
The Patriarchate of Sebastian in Antioch (687)
The Patriarchate of George II in Antioch (690)
The Patriarchate of Alexander in Antioch (695)
The Patriarchate of Stephen IV in Antioch (742)
The Patriarchate of Theophylact in Antioch (748)
The Patriarchate of Theodore in Antioch (767)
The Patriarchate of John IV in Antioch (797)
The Patriarchate of Job in Antioch (810)
The Patriarchate of Nicholas in Antioch (826)
The Patriarchate of Simeon in Antioch (834)
The Patriarchate of Elias in Antioch (840)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius in Antioch (852)
The Patriarchate of Nicholas II in Antioch (860)
The Patriarchate of Michael in Antioch (879)
The Patriarchate of Zacharias in Antioch (890)
The Patriarchate of George III in Antioch (902)
The Patriarchate of Job II in Antioch (917)
The Patriarchate of Eustratius in Antioch (939)
The Patriarchate of Christopher in Antioch (960)
The Patriarchate of Theodorus II in Antioch (966)
The Patriarchate of Agapius in Antioch (977)
The Patriarchate of John IV in Antioch (995)
The Patriarchate of Nicholas III in Antioch (1000)
The Patriarchate of Elias II in Antioch (1003)
The Patriarchate of George Lascaris in Antioch (1010)
The Patriarchate of Macarius the Virtuous in Antioch (1015)
The Patriarchate of Eleutherius in Antioch (1023)
The Patriarchate of Peter III in Antioch (1028)
The Patriarchate of John VI in Antioch (1051)
The Patriarchate of Aemilian in Antioch (1062)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius II in Antioch (1075)
The Patriarchate of Nicephorus in Antioch (1084)
The Patriarchate of John VII in Antioch (1090)
The Patriarchate of John IX in Antioch (1155)
The Patriarchate of Euthymius in Antioch (1159)
The Patriarchate of Macarius in Antioch (1164)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius in Antioch (1166)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius III in Antioch (1180)
The Patriarchate of Elias III in Antioch (1182)
The Patriarchate of Christopher II in Antioch (1184)
The Patriarchate of Theodore IV (Balsamon) in exile in Constantinople.
The Patriarchate of Joachim in exile in Constantinople (1199)
The Patriarchate of Dorotheus in exile in Constantinople (1219)
The Patriarchate of Simeon II in exile in Constantinople (1245)
The Patriarchate of Euthymius II in exile in Constantinople (1268)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius IV in Antioch (1269)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius V in Antioch (1276)
The Patriarchate of Arsenius in Antioch (1285)
The Patriarchate of Dionysius in Antioch (1293)
The Patriarchate of Mark in Antioch (1308)
Patriarchal See transferred to Damascus in 1342
The Patriarchate of Ignatius II in Damascus (1342)
The Patriarchate of Pachomius in Damascus (1386)
The Patriarchate of Nilus in Damascus (1393)
The Patriarchate of Michael III in Damascus (1401)
The Patriarchate of Pachomius II in Damascus (1410)
The Patriarchate of Joachim II in Damascus (1411)
The Patriarchate of Mark III in Damascus (1426)
The Patriarchate of Dorotheus II in Damascus (1436)
The Patriarchate of Michael IV in Damascus (1454)
The Patriarchate of Mark IV in Damascus (1476)
The Patriarchate of Joachim III in Damascus (1476)
The Patriarchate of Gregory III in Damascus (1483)
The Patriarchate of Dorotheus III in Damascus (1497-1523)
The Patriarchate of Michael V in Damascus (1523-1541)
The Patriarchate of Dorotheus IV in Damascus (1541-1543)
The Patriarchate of Joachim IV (Ibn Juma) in Damascus (1543-1576)
The Patriarchate of Michael VI (Sabbagh) in Damascus (1577-1581)
The Patriarchate of Joachim V in Damascus (1581-1592)
The Patriarchate of Joachim VI in Damascus (1593-1604)
The Patriarchate of Dorotheus V in Damascus (1604-1611)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius III (Dabbas) in Damascus (1611-1619)
The Patriarchate of Ignatius III (Attiyah) in Damascus (1619-1631)
The Patriarchate of Euthymius III in Damascus (1635-1636)
The Patriarchate of Euthymius IV in Damascus (1636-1648)
The Patriarchate of Michael III (Zaim) in Damascus (1648-1672)
The Patriarchate of Neophytos I in Damascus (1674-1684)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius IV (Dabbas) in Damascus (1686-1694)
The Patriarchate of Cyril III (Zaim) in Damascus (1694-1720)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius IV (Dabbas) in Damascus (1720-1724)
The Patriarchate of Cyril VI Tanas (1724–1760), Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.
Ecumenical Patriarch Jermeias III of Constantinople deemed his election to the Patriarchate invalid and excommunicated Cyril. Half of the Church split away, recognizing Cyril as the rightful Patriarch. Communion was restored back between the Greek Melkite Patriarchate of Antioch and the Latin Church of Rome.
The Patriarchate of Maximos II Hakim (1760–1761)
The Patriarchate of Theodosius V Dahan (1761–1788)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius IV Jawhar (1788–1794)
The Patriarchate of Cyril VII Siaj (1794–1796)
The Patriarchate of Agapius II Matar (1796–1812)
The Patriarchate of Ignatius IV Sarrouf (1812)
The Patriarchate of Athanasius V Matar (1813)
The Patriarchate of Macarius IV Tawil (1813–1815)
The Patriarchate of Ignatius V Qattan (1816–1833)
The Patriarchate of Maximos III Mazloum (1833–1855)
The Patriarchate of Clement Bahouth (1856–1864)
The Patriarchate of Gregory II Youssef-Sayur (1864–1897)
The Patriarchate of Peter IV Jaraijiry (1898–1902)
The Patriarchate of Cyrille VIII Geha (1902–1916), who
Consecrated on February 5, 1905
ATHANASIUS SAWAYA, Archbishop of Beirut and Gibail in Syria of the Melkite
Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and all East,
Consecrated on October 9, 1911
ANTHONY JOSEPH ANEED, Exarch of the Greek Melkite Rite in the United States of America, who
Consecrated
ODO ACHESON BARRY, Mar Columba, Titular Archbishop of Canada who
Consecrated on July 17, 1955
HUGH GEORGE DE WILMOTT NEWMAN, who
Consecrated on March 20, 1955
CHRISTOPHER MARIA CARL JOHN STANLEY, who
Consecrated on January 10, 1965
LEO CHRISTOPHER SKELTON MILLER, MARK MARKUS I, who
Consecrated on September 30, 1984
WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK MALLOY, JR M.DIV PHD, who
Consecrated on June 10, 2012
CHARLES RAY HILL SR, PHD, DD,
Archbishop in The Holy Catholic Church International and Presiding Prelate of Ambassadors for Christ Ministries of America, made Pontiff of the Ancient Church Global.
Patriarch Vernon W. Huffman made Pontiff Vernon Mar-Enoch Huffman by Pontiff Charles R. Hill SR, PHD, D.D. Consecrated as the Pontiff of the Ancient Church Global on August 18th, 2023
The Church of Armenia, sometimes called the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Orthodox Church is the world’s oldest national church. It is part of Oriental Orthodoxy and is one of the most ancient Christian communities. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion in AD 301, in establishing this church. The Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church claims to have originated in the missions of the holy, glorious and all-laudable Apostles Bartholomew and Jude Thaddeus in the 1st century and is an early center of Christianity. Apostle Bartholomew (also known as Nathaniel) was one of the Twelve Great Apostles. Apostle Jude Thaddeus was also one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and His brother, along with St. James, by virtue of being the son of St. Joseph the Betrothed. The Armenian Church views St. Gregory the Illuminator as the first official Catholicos of its Church. In later years, the Armenian Catholic Church was formed as a Sui Juris Eastern Catholic Church in union with the other Eastern Rite, Oriental Rite and Latin Rite Catholics who accept the Bishop of Rome as spiritual leader of the Church. It is regulated by Eastern canon law. Since 1749, the Armenian Catholic Church has been headquartered at the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate complex in Bzoummar, Lebanon.
The Catholic Apostolic Succession of Saints Thaddeus and Bartholomew the Apostles down through the great and holy Armenian Catholic Churches.
The Record of Apostolic Succession from Saint Jude & Bartholomew the Apostles
St. Thaddeus the Apostle (43-66)
St. Bartholomew the Apostle (60-68) The Armenian Church was born from the mission of the Holy, Glorius and All Laudable Apostles Bartholomew and Jude Thaddeus in the 1st century
St. Zacharias (68-72)
St. Zementus (72-76)
St. Atrnerseh (77-92)
St. Mushe (93-123)
St. Shahen (124-150)
St. Shavarsh (151-171)
St. Leontius (172-190)
St. Merozanes (240-270)
*Arsacid Dynasty (from 301 to 428 ad, the episcopal office is hereditary)*
St. Gregory I the Illuminator (288-325) St. Gregory moved to Echmiadzin in 301 and continued in office until 325. He is regarded as the first Catholicos of Armenia
St. Aristaces I (325-333)
St. Vrtanes I (333-341)
St. Husik I (341-347)
Daniel I of Armenia (347)
Pharen I of Armenia (348-352)
St. Nerses I the Great (353-373)
Sahak I (373-377)
Zaven I (377-381)
Aspuraces I (381-386)
St. Sahak I (387-428)
Brkisho of Armenia (428-432)
Samuel of Armenia (432-437)
(Non-Hereditary Bishops)
St. Hovsep I (437-452)
Melitus I (452-456)
Moses I (456-461)
St. Kyud I (461-478)
St. John I (478-490)
Babken I (490-516)
Samuel I (516-526)
Mushe I (526-534)
Sahak II (534-539)
Christopher I (539-545)
Ghevond I (545-548)
Nerses II (548-557)
John II (557-574)
Moses II (574-604)
vacant 604-607, administered by Verthanes Qerthol the Gramatic
Abraham I (607-615)
Gomidas I (615-628)
Christopher II (628-630), died aft. 630
Ezra I (630-641)
Nerses III the Builder (641-661)
Anastasius I (661-667)
Israel I (667-677)
Sahak III (677-703)
Elias I (703-717)
St. John III the Philosopher (717-728)
David I (728-741)
Dertad I (741-764)
Dertad II (764-767)
Sion I (767-775)
Isaiah I (775-788)
Stephen I (788-790)
Joab I (790-791)
Solomon I (791-792)
George I (792-795)
Joseph I (795-806)
David II (806-833)
John IV (833-855)
Zacharias I (855-876)
George II (877-897)
Mashdotz I (897-898)
John V the Historian (898-929)
Stephen II (929-930)
Theodore I (930-941)
Yeghishe I (941-946)
Ananias I (949-968)
Vahan I (968-969)
Stephen III (969-972)
Khachig I (973-992)
Sarkis I (992-1019), d. aft. 1019
Peter I (1019–1058)
The Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia. During this time the see was transferred to Cilicia,from 1058 till 1441.
Khachik II of Armenia (1058–1065)
Khachik II of Cilicia (1058–1065)
Gregory II the Martyrophile (1066–1105)
Parsegh of Cilicia (1105–1113)
Gregory III of Cilicia (1113–1166)
Nerses IV the Graceful (1166–1173)
Gregory IV the Young (1173–1193)
Gregory V of Cilicia (1193–1194)
Gregory VI of Cilicia (1194–1203)
John VI the Affluent (1203–1221)
Constantine I of Cilicia (1221–1267)
Jacob I the Learned (1268–1286)
Constantine II the Woolmaker (1286–1289)
Stephen IV of Cilicia (1290–1293)
Gregory VII of Cilicia (1293–1307)
Constantine II the Woolmaker (restored) (1307–1322)
Constantine III of Cilicia (1323-1326)
Jacob II of Cilicia (1327–1341), d. 1359
Mekhitar I of Cilicia (1341–1355)
Jacob II of Cilicia (restored) (1355–1359)
Mesrop I of Cilicia (1359–1372)
Constantine IV of Cilicia (1372–1374)
Paul I of Cilicia (1374–1382)
Theodore II of Cilicia (1382–1392)
Karapet of Cilicia (1393–1404)
Jacob III of Cilicia (1404–1411)
Gregory VIII of Cilicia (1411–1418)
Paul II of Cilicia (1418–1430)
Constantine V of Cilicia (1430–1439)
Gregory IX of Cilicia (1439–1446)
*During Gregory IX’s reign, the Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin was restored, 1441*
Karapet II of Cilicia (1446–1477)
Stepanos I of Cilicia (1475–1483)
Hovhannes I of Cilicia (1483–1488)
Hovhannes II of Cilicia (1489–1525)
Hovhannes III of Cilicia (1525–1539)
Simeon I of Cilicia (1539–1545)
Ghazar I (1545–1547)
Toros I of Cilicia (1548–1553)
Khachatour I of Cilicia (1553–1558)
Khachatour II of Cilicia (1560–1584)
Azaria I of Cilicia (1584–1601)
Hovhannes IV of Cilicia (1601–1621)
Petros I of Cilicia (coadjutor) (1601–1608)
Minas of Cilicia (1621–1632)
Simeon II of Cilicia (1633–1648)
Nerses I of Cilicia
Toros II of Cilicia (1654–1657)
Khachatour III of Cilicia (1657–1677)
Sahak I of Cilicia (1677–1683)
Azaria II of Cilicia (1683–1686)
Grigor II of Cilicia (1686–1695)
Astvatsatour (1695–1703)
Madteos (1703–1705)
Hovhannes V (1705–1721)
Grigor III (1721/2-1729)
Hovhannes VI (1729/30-1731)
Ghougas I of Cilicia (1731–1737)
In 1738, the Armenian Catholic Christians of Aleppo obtained a church and brought a license to return Ardzivian to Aleppo in 1739. They decided to have an independent Patriarchate with their bishop Abraham Petros I Ardzivian, who arriving to Aleppo, by the help of Greek Catholic bishops, ordained bishop his vicar Hagop and two other clergymen. They, in their turn, consecrated him patriarch on November 26, 1740. To ratify the patriarchal election, Ardzivian went to Rome, to present himself to Pope Benedict XIV. The meeting of Cardinals on November 26, 1742 ratified Ardzivian’s patriarchate and on December 8, the Pope Benedict XIV granted him the Pallium, forming the Armenian Catholic Church.
Patriarch Abraham Petros I Ardzivian (1737–1749)
Patriarch Hagop Petros II Hovsepian (1749–1753)
Patriarch Michael Petros III Kasparian (1753–1780)
Patriarech Parsegh Petros IV Avkadian (1780–1788)
Patriarch Gregory Petros V Kupelian (1788–1812)
Patriarch Gregory Petros VI Djeranian (1815–1841)
Patriarch Jacob Petros VII Holassian (1841–1843)
Patriarch Gregory Petros VIII Derasdvazadourian (1844–1866), who Consecrated on May 7, 1861
Archbishop Leon Korunian, Armenia Catholic Church Archbishop of the Malatia, who Consecrated on April 23 1878
Archbishop Leon Checkemian, Titular Bishop of Malatia. He then went on to leave the Armenian Catholic Church to become Primus of the United Armenian Catholic Church, who Consecrated on November 2, 1897
Bishop Andrew Charles Albert McLaglen, who Consecrated on June 4, 1922
Archbishop Herbert J. M. Heard (Mar Jacobus II), of the Ancient British Church and the Free ProtestantEpiscopal Church, who Consecrated on June 13, 1943
Patriarch William Bernard Crow (Mar Basilius Abdullah III) Patriarch of Antioch of the Ancient Orthodox Catholic Church, who on April 10, 1944, who consecrated
Archbishop George Dewillmott-Newman, who Consecrated
Archbishop Joannes Maria Vanasslelft-D’Atland, who Consecrated on June 2, 1958 for the Coptic Order
Archbishop Christopher Maria Carl John Stanley, who Consecrated on January 10, 1964
Patriarch Mar Markus I, Patriarch of the Byzantine Orthodox Catholic Church, who consecrated on September 30, 1984
Metropolitan Archbishop William Francis Patrick Malloy, Jr. M.Div. PhD, Primate of the American Independent Old Catholic Church, who consecrated on June 10, 2012
Archbishop Charles Ray Hill Sr, PhD, DD, Archbishop in The Holy Catholic Church International and Presiding Prelate and Pontiff of the Ancient Church Global .
Patriarch Vernon W. Huffman made Pontiff Vernon Mar-Enoch Huffman by Pontiff Charles R. Hill Sr, PHD, D.D. of the ANCIENT CHURCH GLOBAL. Consecrated on August 18th 2023.
The Latin Catholic Apostolic Succession of Saints Peter and Paul the Apostles down through the Roman Catholic Papacy to the Old Roman Catholic Catholic Churches.
St. Peter the Apostle (32-67)
St. Linus the Apostle 67-76)
St. Anacletus (Cletus) (76-88)
St. Clement I (88-97)
St. Evaristus (97-105)
St. Alexander I (105-115)
St. Sixtus I (115-125)
St. Telesphorus (125-136)
St. Hyginus (136-140)
St. Pius I (140-155)
St. Anicetus (155-166)
St. Soter (166-175)
St. Eleutherius (175-189)
St. Victor I (189-199)
St. Zephyrinus (199-217)
St. Callistus I (217-222)
St. Urban I (222-230)
St. Pontain (230-235)
St. Anterus (235-236)
St. Fabian (236-250)
St. Cornelius (251-253)
St. Lucius I (253-254)
St. Stephen I (254-257)
St. Sixtus II (257-258)
St. Dionysius (260-268)
St. Felix I (269-274)
St. Eutychian (275-283)
St. Caius (283-296) Also called Gaius
St. Marcellinus (296-304)
St. Marcellus I (308-309)
St. Eusebius (309 or 310)
St. Miltiades (311-14)
St. Sylvester I (314-335)
St. Marcus (336)
St. Julius I (337-352)
Liberius (352-366)
St. Damasus I (366-384)
St. Siricius (384-399)
St. Anastasius I (399-401)
St. Innocent I (401-417)
St. Zosimus (417-418)
St. Boniface I (418-22)
St. Celestine I (422-432)
St. Sixtus III (432-440)
St. Leo I (the Great) (440-61)
St. Hilarius (461-468)
St. Simplicius (468-483)
St. Felix III (II) (483-492)
St. Gelasius I (492-496)
Anastasius II (496-498)
St. Symmachus (498-514)
St. Hormisdas (514-523)
St. John I (523-526)
St. Felix IV (III) (526-530)
Boniface II (530-32)
John II (533-535)
St. Agapetus I (535-536) Also called Agapitus I
St. Silverius (536-537)
Vigilius (537-555)
Pelagius I (556-561)
John III (561-574)
Benedict I (575-579)
Pelagius II (5795-90)
St. Gregory the Great (590-604)
Sabinian (604-606)
Boniface III (607)
St. Boniface IV (608-615)
St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I) (615-618)
Boniface V (619-25)
Honorius I (625-638)
Severinus (640)
John IV (640-642)
Theodore I (642-649)
St. Martin I (649-655)
St. Eugene I (655-657)
St. Vitalian (657-672)
Adeodatus (II) (672-676)
Donus (676-678)
St. Agatho (678-681)
St. Leo II (682-683)
St. Benedict II (684-685)
John V (685-686)
Conon (686-687)
St. Sergius I (687-701)
John VI (701-705)
John VII (705-707)
Sisinnius (708)
Constantine (708-715)
St. Gregory II (715-731)
St. Gregory III (731-741)
St. Zachary (741-52) Stephen II followed Zachary, but because he died before being consecrated, modern lists omit him
Stephen II (III) (752-757)
St. Paul I (757-767)
Stephen III (IV) (767-772)
Adrian I (772-795)
St. Leo III (795-816)
Stephen IV (V) (816-817)
St. Paschal I (817-824)
Eugene II (824-827)
Valentine (827)
Gregory IV (827-844)
Sergius II (844-847)
St. Leo IV (847-855)
Benedict III (855-858)
St. Nicholas I the Great (8588-67)
Adrian II (8678-872)
John VIII (872-8882)
Marinus I (882-84)
St. Adrian III (884-885)
Stephen V (VI) (8858-91)
Formosus (891-896)
Boniface VI (896)
Stephen VI (VII) (896-897)
Romanus (897)
Theodore II (897)
John IX (898-900)
Benedict IV (900-903)
Leo V (903)
Sergius III (904-911)
Anastasius III (911-913)
Lando (913-914)
John X (914-928)
Leo VI (928)
Stephen VIII (929-31)
John XI (931-935)
Leo VII (936-939)
Stephen IX (939-942)
Marinus II (942-946)
Agapetus II (9469-55)
John XII (955-963)
Leo VIII (963-964)
Benedict V (964)
John XIII (965-972)
Benedict VI (973-974)
Benedict VII (974-983)
John XIV (983-984)
John XV (985-996)
Gregory V (996-999)
Sylvester II (999-1003)
John XVII (1003)
John XVIII (1003-1009)
Sergius IV (1009-1012)
Benedict VIII (1012-1024)
John XIX (1024-1032)
Benedict IX (1032-45) He appears on this list three separate times, because he was twice deposed and restored
Sylvester III (1045) Considered by some to be an antipope
Benedict IX (1045)
Gregory VI (1045-1046)
Clement II (1046-1047)
Benedict IX (1047-1048)
Damasus II (1048)
St. Leo IX (1049-1054)
Victor II (1055-1057)
Stephen X (1057-1058)
Nicholas II (1058-1061)
Alexander II (1061-1073)
St. Gregory VII (1073-1085)
Blessed Victor III (1086-1087)
Blessed Urban II (1088-1099)
Paschal II (1099-1118)
Gelasius II (1118-1119)
Callistus II (1119-1124)
Honorius II (1124-1130)
Innocent II (1130-1143)
Celestine II (1143-1144)
Lucius II (1144-1145)
Blessed Eugene III (1145-1153)
Anastasius IV (1153-1154)
Adrian IV (1154-1159)
Alexander III (1159-1181)
Lucius III (1181-1185)
Urban III (1185-1187)
Gregory VIII (1187)
Clement III (1187-1191)
Celestine III (1191-1198)
Innocent III (1198-1216)
Honorius III (1216-1227)
Gregory IX (1227-1241)
Celestine IV (1241)
Innocent IV (1243-1254)
Alexander IV (1254-1261)
Urban IV (1261-1264)
Clement IV (1265-1268)
Blessed Gregory X (1271-1276)
Blessed Innocent V (1276)
Adrian V (1276)
John XXI (1276-1277)
Nicholas III (1277-1280)
Martin IV (1281-1285)
Honorius IV (1285-1287)
Nicholas IV (1288-1292)
St. Celestine V (1294)
Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
Blessed Benedict XI (1303-1304)
Clement V (1305-1314)
John XXII (1316-34)
Benedict XII (1334-1342)
Clement VI (1342-1352)
Innocent VI (1352-1362)
Blessed Urban V (1362-1370)
Gregory XI (1370-1378)
Urban VI (1378-1389)
Boniface IX (1389-1404)
Innocent VII (1404-1406)
Gregory XII (1406-1415)
Martin V (1417-1431)
Eugene IV (1431-1447)
Nicholas V (1447-1455)
Callistus III (1455-1458)
Pius II (1458-1464)
Paul II (1464-1471)
Sixtus IV (1471-1484)
Innocent VIII (1484-1492)
Alexander VI (1492-1503)
Pius III (1503)
Julius II (1503-1513)
Leo X (1513-1521)
Adrian VI (1522-23)
Clement VII (1523-1534)
Paul III (1534-1549)
Julius III (1550-1555)
Marcellus II (1555)
Paul IV (1555-1559)
Pius IV (1559-1565)
St. Pius V (1566-1572)
Gregory XIII (1572-85)
Sixtus V (1585-90)
Urban VII (1590)
Gregory XIV (1590-91)
Innocent IX (1591)
Clement VIII (1592-1605)
Leo XI (1605)
Paul V (1605-21)
Gregory XV (1621-23)
Urban VIII (1623-44)
Innocent X (1644-55)
Alexander VII (1655-67)
The Diocese of Utrecht, Holland, was founded in AD 722 by St. Willibrord. The right of the Chapter of Utrecht to elect the bishop of The Diocese was recognized in AD 1145. In AD 1520 the Bishop of Utrecht was given the right to adjudicate matters in his diocese without appeal or recourse to Rome. In AD 1559, when the war with France had ended, Philip II of Spain, the hereditary ruler of the Netherlands, persuaded the Pope to elevate The See of Utrecht to an archbishopric, with five new dioceses under it (Haarlem, Deventer, Groningen, Leeuwarden and Middelburg). Having survived the Calvinist Reformation in Holland as an underground Church, the Dutch Roman Catholic faithful were suddenly subjected to the political ambitions and maneuverings of the Jesuits, who fought to have Rome declare The See of Utrecht a missionary district under their control. At first failing in this battle to gain control of The Church in Holland, the Jesuits adopted a new tactic in AD 1691 by accusing + Peter Codde, The Archbishop of Utrecht, of espousing the so-called heresy of Jansenism. Although the Archbishop was eventually proved innocent of heresy, Pope Innocent XII tried to appease the Jesuits by suspending and deposing him in AD 1705. No mention was made of any reason for the deposition. Even a Papal canonist, Hyacinth de Archangelis, issued a formal opinion that a Vicar-Apostolic with the rights of an Ordinary (as + Codde undoubtedly was) could not be arbitrarily deposed. Two Dutch Catholic Chapters (Utrecht and Haarlem) naturally decided not to recognize this irregular, if not illegal, act. The battle was over local autonomy in a collegial Church versus Papal supremacy. When the Papacy appointed + Theodore de Cock as Pro-Vicar-Apostolic of The United Provinces, in the place of Archbishop Peter Codde (deposed), the Chapters of Utrecht and Haarlem further decided not to recognize his authority on the ground that The Patriarch of Rome had no canonical authority to deprive even a Vicar-Apostolic, much less an Archbishop, without trial and condemnation. At the same time the Calvinist government decided that it would prefer a Catholic Church controlled by Dutch Catholics to a Catholic Church controlled by Rome. The government, therefore, issued a decree forbidding + de Cock to exercise any jurisdiction over Roman Catholics in Holland. Later, after accusing the Dutch government of being bribed by the secular clergy loyal to The Archbishop (+ Codde), + de Cock was banished from Holland and fled to Rome. Rome countered by placing the Dutch Church under an Inhibition, prohibiting all Bishops from performing any episcopal acts in Holland. At this point the battle between Utrecht and Rome was not doctrinal, but the results of Jesuit intrigue and their desire to firmly establish the Papacy as an absolute monarchy. Had Archbishop Codde continued to exercise his authority as The Archbishop of Utrecht, while appealing his uncanonical suspension as Vicar-Apostolic (as Vicar-Apostolic he had diocesan jurisdiction wherever there was no Bishop or Chapter; metropolitan jurisdiction in the other dioceses), the course of Church history may well have seen the defeat of the Jesuit sponsored Ultramontane movement. Unfortunately, + Codde not only protested his suspension but also retired from the exercise of his office. His jurisdiction thus reverted to the Chapters and his people were left without episcopal protection and governance. It was the position of the Chapter of Utrecht that: Both the Province and Diocese of Utrecht, with all their ancient and canonical rights and privileges, still existed. (The Chapter of Utrecht was formally recognized on many occasions by Papal Nuncios even after this date.)
The Vicariate instituted by Archbishop Philip Rovenius on 9 June 1633 was the canonical reconstitution of the ancient Chapter of Utrecht and possessed all the rights of the Chapter, including the right to elect the Archbishop of Utrecht. (All nominations made hereafter by this Chapter were, in fact, accepted by Rome, including that of Archbishop Codde.) Later archbishops, from + Vosmeer to + Codde, were not only Vicars-Apostolic of the Roman See, but also Archbishops of Utrecht, the true canonical successors of St. Willibrord. On 25 May 1717, five doctors of the theological faculty of the University of Louvain publicly sided with the Archiepiscopal See of Utrecht by stating that the Church of Utrecht had not been reduced to the status of a mere mission, that the Chapter of Utrecht had survived, and that the Vicariate established by + Rovenius was the ancient Chapter of Utrecht. Later, 102 doctors of theology at the University of Paris, together with the whole law faculty, publicly agreed with the doctors of Louvain. As a result of the support of the theology faculties of two French universities, three French Bishops (Soanen of Senez, Lorraine of Bayeux, and Caumartin of Blois) declared that they were ready to ordain priests for the Chapter of Utrecht, and actually did so. Upon the death, in AD 1710, of + Peter Codde, the deposed Archbishop of Utrecht, the Cathedral Chapter (exercising its historically recognized right) elected a successor. No Bishop, however, could be found who would ignore the Pope’s Inhibition by consecrating the Archbishop-elect. The Church of Holland continued to send Her candidates for the priesthood out of the country for ordination by foreign Bishops; Her children, without a diocesan Ordinary, were left unconfirmed. At this point the Jesuits and Rome sought and anxiously anticipated the total capitulation of the autocephalous Dutch Church. A turning point in the Dutch Church’s struggle with Rome came in AD 1719 when + Dominique Maria Varlet, former missionary priest in The Louisiana Territory in North America, stopped in Amsterdam for a few days on his way to his new post in Persia. A local Dutch priest, Father Jacob Krys, begged the new Bishop to confirm 604 orphans and other poor children as an act of charity, which he did. He then continued his journey to Persia, arriving at his residence at Schamake (now Shemakh near Baku in the Republic of Azerbaijan) on October 9th, 1719. On March 26th, 1720, the Bishop of Babylon was presented with a formal Notice of Suspension from his office, sent by the Bishop of Ispahan by order of the Congregation de Propaganda Fide, and delivered by a Jesuit priest (Fr. Bachou) because of the confirmations in Amsterdam. Like the late Archbishop Codde, Bishop Varlet elected not to remain in office while fighting the Papal action. After careful consideration and prayer, the good Bishop immediately left Persia and returned to Amsterdam, where he settled permanently. The Chapter of Utrecht had meanwhile repeatedly attempted to get the Pope to allow the election and consecration of an archbishop; Pope Innocent XIII ignored their petitions. The Chapter next turned to the leading canon lawyers of the day. They were told that the Chapter had the canonical right to elect their archbishop and get him consecrated without the consent of the Pope (recent precedents in both France and Portugal supported this position). Nineteen doctors of the theological faculty of the Sorbonne (University of Paris), and others from Nantes, Rheims, Padua, and Louvain, gave their agreement to this position, as well as assuring the Chapter that in the case of necessity one bishop alone might preside at the consecration. With the approval of the government, the Chapter met at The Hague on April 27th, 1723 and, after a Mass of The Holy Spirit, elected, with all the canonical forms, Cornelius Steenoven to be Archbishop of Utrecht. Although Fr. Steenoven was elected as the candidate likely to be the least objectionable to Rome, the Pope refused to answer the Chapter’s request to permit his consecration. The Chapter finally begged the Bishop of Babylon to consecrate their candidate. He consented. The government also consented to this the first consecration of an Archbishop of Utrecht since the Reformation. Thus at 6:00am on Pentecost, October 15th, 1724, Cornelius van Steenoven was consecrated in the presence of the whole Chapter by the Bishop of Babylon in Amsterdam to be the seventh Archbishop of Utrecht and canonical successor of St. Willibrord. The Bishop of Babylon was called upon by The Chapter to consecrate four archbishops for the See of Utrecht before his death on May 14th, 1742 at The Hague
Cardinal Antonio Barberini, nephew of Pope Urban VIII, was consecrated in AD 1655 (by the order of Pope Alexander VII) by Monsignore Scannarola (Bishop of Sidonia), assisted by Monsignore Botini (Domestic Prelate of the Pope), and Monsignore Laurenzio Gavotti (Bishop of Ventimiglia), as Bishop of Frascati. In AD 1657 Bishop Barberini became Archbishop of Rheims; in AD 1661 he became Bishop of Palestrina. Cardinal Barberini consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate in 1668
Bishop Charles Maurice Le Tellier, Duke, son of the Grand Chancellor of France, as Co-Adjutor Bishop. Archbishop Le Tellier consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate in 1670
Bishop James Benigne Bossuet Bishop Bossuet consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate in 1673
Bishop James Coydon de Matignon Bishop de Matignon, by order of Pope Clement XI, consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate in 1719
Bishop Dominique Maria Varlet as Bishop of Ascalon in partibus and Co-Adjutor to the Bishop of Babylon, Persia, on 12 February 1719 in The Chapel attached to the House of the Fathers of Foreign Missions at Paris, assisted by the Co-Adjutor Bishop of Quebec and the Bishop of Claremont. Bishop Varlet consecrated four Archbishops of Utrecht; three died without consecrating successors. The continued existence of the autocephalous Old Roman Catholic Church of Holland was assured when Bishop Varlet consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate in 1739:
Archbishop Petrus Johannes Meindaerts as the tenth Archbishop of Utrecht. Archbishop Meindaerts consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Johannes van Stiphout as the fourth Bishop of Haarlem on 11 July 1745. Bishop Stiphout consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Walter Michael van Nieuwenhuisen as the eleventh Archbishop of Utrecht on Sexagesima Sunday, 7 February 1768. Archbishop Nieuwenhuisen consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Adrian Johannes Broekman, President of the Amersfoort Seminary, on Pentecost II Sunday, 21 June 1778, as Bishop of Haarlem. Bishop Broekman consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn as the twelfth Archbishop of Utrecht on 5 July 1797. Archbishop van Rhijn consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Gisbertus de Jong as the fifth Bishop of Deventer on 7 November 1805. Bishop de Jong consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Willibrord van Os as the thirteenth Archbishop of Utrecht on 24 April 1814. Archbishop van Os consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Johannes Bon as the seventh Bishop of Haarlem on 25 April 1819. He was the first Bishop of the autocephalous Dutch succession not to be excommunicated by Rome. Bishop Bon consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Johannes van Santen, as fourteenth Archbishop of Utrecht on the Sunday within the Octave of St. Willibrord, 13 November 1825, in The Cathedral of St. Gertrude in Utrecht. Archbishop van Santen consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Hermann Heykamp as seventh Bishop of Deventer on 17 July 1853. Bishop Heykamp consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Gaspardus Johannes Rinkel as the tenth Bishop of Haarlem and Bishop Josef Hubert Reinkens as the first Bishop of The Old Catholic Church in Germany (Bonn) on 11 August 1873 in the Church of St. Lawrence and St. Mary Magdalene at Rotterdam. This is the first time that the formal proofs of election were read during the Mass of Consecration instead of the Papal Mandate; it is also the first time that the new Bishops did not notify Rome of their consecrations. Bishop Rinkel consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Gerard Gul (Old Catholic Church of Utrecht), assisted by Bishop Johannes Jacobus van Thiel and Bishop Nicholas Bartholomaeus Petrus Spit (both with The Old Catholic Church of Utrecht) and Bishop Josef Demmel (Old Catholic Church in Germany), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Arnold Harris Mathew on 28 April 1908 as Archbishop of London and Primate of the Old Roman Catholic Church in England. Archbishop Mathew consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Bishop Rudolf Franziskus Eduard de Landas Berghes et de Rache on 29 June 1913 as Missionary Bishop for Scotland. In 1916 Prince de Landas Berghes became Archbishop-Primate of The National Catholic Church in North America. Archbishop de Landas Berghes et de Rache consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:
Archbishop Carmel Henry Carfora, Archbishop and Primate of the North American Old Roman Catholic Church in the Chapel of St. Dunstan’s Abbey in Waukegan who Consecrated on July 30, 1942
Bishop Hubert Augustas Rogers, who
Consecrated on July 1, 1961
Archbishop Robert Schuyler Zeiger, who
Consecrated on June 21, 1964
Archbishop Christopher Maria Carl John Stanley, who Consecrated on January 10, 1965
Archbishop Mar Markus I, Patriarch of the Byzantine Catholic Church, who Consecrated on September 30, 1984
Metropolitan Archbishop William Francis Patrick Malloy, Jr., also known as Patrick Francis Mary, OMC, who Consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate on June 10, 2012
Archbishop Charles Ray Hill, Sr., Ph.D., D.D. as Archbishop in The Holy Catholic Church International and Presiding Prelate and Pontiff of the Ancient Church Global.
Patriarch Vernon W. Huffman made Pontiff Vernon Mar-Enoch Huffman and consecrated on August 18th 2023.
Celtic Catholic” Line of 336 AD
“Celtic Catholic” Line of 336 AD – From Saint Mark in 336 AD, through Saint Silverius in 536 AD, through Pope Constantine in 708 AD, through Saint Nicholas I in 858 AD, through Pope Clement V (who issued the Chinon Parchment vindicating the Knights Templar) in 1305, through Cardinal Antonio Barberini (founder of the Old Catholic branch from the Vatican) in 1657;
Celtic Anglican” Line of 519 AD
“Celtic Anglican” Line of 519 AD – From Saint David (First Celtic Bishop of Mineva in Wales) in 519 AD, through Henry Chichele (Bishop of Saint David’s Celtic Church, made Archbishop of Canterbury by Rome) ca. 1408, through Thomas Crammer (Archbishop of Canterbury from a Celtic line) to B. William Laud (Bishop of Saint David’s Celtic Church, Chancellor of Oxford University, Archbishop of Canterbury) ca. 1621, through Bishop Samuel Seabury (Episcopal Church of Scotland in Anglican Communion, founder of the Protestant Episcopal Church) in 1784, through Archbishop John F. Gilbert and Bishop Betty Reeves (Universal Gnostic Fellowship, House of Independent Bishops) in 1994;
Antiochian Jacobite” (Syriac Orthodox)
Line of 541 AD
“Antiochian Jacobite” (Syriac Orthodox) Line of 541 AD – From the original Holy See of Antioch (the “First Church” of the New Testament) of both Saint Peter and Saint Paul in 37 AD, through Jacobus Baradaeus (Ecumenical Bishop of Edessa, later a Templar Principality, who ordained the Patriarch of Antioch Paul II the Black of Alexandria) ca. 541 AD, through Ignatius Peter IV (Patriarch of Antioch of the Syriac Orthodox Church Holy See of Utrecht) ca. 1872, through Archbishop Mor Julius Alvares (Latin Rite Independent Catholic Church of Ceylon, Goa and India) in 1889, to Bishop Joseph Rene Vilatte (approved by Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, and supported by Pope Leo XIII who “restablished” the Order of Malta Grand Mastery after 587 years of abeyance, setting precedent for restoring the Knights Templar) in the Old Latin Rite of the Syrian Church of Antioch in 1892, to Bishop Paolo Maraglia Gulotti of Piacenza in 1900, through Franciscan Bishop Carmel Henry Carfora (co-founder of Old Roman Catholic Church) in 1911;
Benedictine” (OLD ROMAN Catholic) Line of 1566 AD
“Benedictine” (Old Roman Catholic) Line of 1566 AD – From Cardinal Scipione Rebiba to Cardinal Santinio in 1566, through Pope Benedict XIII (Cardinal Orsini) in 1675, through Pope Benedict XIV (Cardinal Prospero Lambertini) in 1723. (This was the original “Benedictine” line, before Benedict XIV collected and merged the “Gnostic Templar” lines into it sub-condicione three years later in 1726);
Jesuit” (OLD ROMAN Catholic) Line of 1655 AD
“Jesuit” (Roman Old Catholic) Line of 1655 AD – From Pope Alexander VII to Cardinal Antonio Barberini (founder of the Jesuit Old Catholic branch) in 1655, to Michael Le Tellier (Jesuit Provincial and Confessor to King Louis XIV of France who codified Rules of Courtly Etiquette of 1682 AD as Knights Templar heritage of the Ancient Priesthood) in 1668;
Old Catholic Church” Line of 1657 AD
“Old Catholic Church” Line of 1657 AD – From Pope Clement V (who issued the Chinon Parchment vindicating the Knights Templar) in 1305, through Cardinal Antonio Barberini (nephew of Pope Urban VIII, first to branch Apostolic lines of Saint Peter from the Vatican, thus founder of the Old Catholic lineages of the Jesuit branch from the Vatican) in 1657 to Charles Maurice Le Tellier (son of the Grand Chancellor of France) in 1668, through the Cistercian Bishop Dominicus Marie Varlet of Ascalon (Coadjutor and successor Patriarch to Latin Bishop of Babylon in Persia) in 1719, to Archbishop Peter John Meindaerts of Utrecht (carrying Irish Celtic lines from the Bishop of Maeth and Archbishop of Dublin) in 1739, through Archbishop Gerardus Gul (first of the “Old Catholic Church” lines) in 1892, to Archbishop Arnold Harris Mathew (Roman Catholic Priest, made Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX, first Old Catholic Bishop of Great Britain) in 1908;
Liberal Catholic” Line of 1916 AD
“Liberal Catholic” Line of 1916 AD – From Pope Clement V (who issued the Chinon Parchment vindicating the Knights Templar) in 1305, through Archbishop Arnold Harris Mathew (Roman Catholic Priest, made Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX, first Old Catholic Bishop of Great Britain) in 1908, to Bishop James Ingall Wedgewood (Anglican, founder of Liberal Catholic Movement, mentored by Theosophical Society, Sorbonne doctoral scholar) sub-condicione in 1916 (then to Charles Webster Leadbeater sub-condicione in 1916), from Wedgewood to Irving S. Cooper (founder of the Liberal Catholic Church) in 1919, through Archbishop John F. Gilbert and Bishop Betty Reeves (Universal Gnostic Fellowship, House of Independent Bishops) in 1994.
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Academic Source References
[1] Michael Lamy, Les Templiers: Ces Grand Seigneurs aux Blancs Manteaux, Auberon (1994), Bordeaux (1997), p.28.
[2] Keith Laidler, The Head of God: The Lost Treasure of the Templars, 1st Edition, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (1998), p.177.
[3] Piers Paul Read, The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, the Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades, 1st Edition, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (1999), Phoenix Press, London (2001), Orion Publishing Group, London (2012), p.305.
[4] Malcolm Barber & Keith Bate, The Templars: Selected Sources, Manchester University Press (2002), p.2.
[5] Titus Flavius Josephus, Jewish War, Rome (78 AD); Translation by William Whiston (1736), Loeb Classical Library (1926), Volume II, Book 5, pp.212, 217.
[6] Charles G. Addison, The History of the Knights Templar (1842), p.6, citing the document De Aedificiis by the 5th century Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea as “Procopius de Oedificiis Justiniani, Lib. 5.”
[7] Charles G. Addison, The History of the Knights Templar (1842), pp.4-5, citing a Vatican document by the 13th century Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaleon, 1195-1264), the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, as “Pantaleon, Lib. iii. p. 82.”
[8] Collier’s Encyclopedia, Thomson Gale (1985), 1985 Edition, Macmillan Library Reference (1990), “Knights Templars”.
[9] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Ezekiel describing Egyptian Priesthood
inscriptions and figures inside the Temple of Solomon, Ezekiel 8:10-11.
[10] Titus Flavius Josephus, Jewish War, Rome (78 AD); Translation by William Whiston (1736), Loeb Classical Library (1926), Volume II; See pp.212, 217; The Temple contained “Babylonian” decorations of “mystical interpretation… a kind of image of the universe… all that was mystical in the heavens… [and] signs, representing living creatures.” (Book 5, Chapter 5, Part 4) Other symbols “signified the circle of the Zodiack” (Book 5, Chapter 5, Part 5).
[11] Titus Flavius Josephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus, Rome (ca. 96 AD); Translation by William Whiston (1736), Loeb Classical Library (1926), Volume I; See p.65; The Temple replica rebuilt by King Herod also “had the figures of living creatures in it” (Part 12).
[12] Prof. Arthur Samuel Peake (Editor), A Commentary on the Bible, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., London (1920), Ezekiel 8:10-11; Dr. Peake was Professor of Biblical Exegesis at University of Manchester, a Master of Arts and Doctor of Divinity.
[13] Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, Hirbet Qumran and the Problem of the Library of the Dead Sea Caves, German edition (1960), Translated by J.R. Wilkie, Leiden Press, Brill (1963).
[14] Jean-Baptiste Humbert, L’espace sacre a Qumran: Propositions pour l’Archeologie, Revue Biblique, Issue No.101 (1994), p.161-214.
[15] Minna and Kenneth Lonnqvist, Archaeology of the Hidden Qumran: The New Paradigm, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki (2002).
[16] Eric Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1997), Vol.2, pp.268-269.
[17] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Matthew 2:13-15.
[18] Charles F. Potter, The Lost Years of Jesus Revealed, Random House Publishers (1958): “The… [Qumran] scrolls of the great Essene library… near the Dead Sea have given us an answer at last. That during those ‘lost years’ [ages 12-30] Jesus was a student at this Essene school is becoming increasingly apparent.”
[19] Menahem Mansoor, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide, Brill Publishers (1964), p.156: “the unknown years in the life of Jesus (ages 12-30) might have been spent with the sect” of the Essenes in Alexandria.
[20] H. Spencer Lewis, The Mystical Life of Jesus, Ancient and Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, San Jose (1982).
[21] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Acts 24:5: “For we have found this man [Saint Paul] a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes.” (This conclusively proves that the Nazarenes, and thus also the Essenes, were never “Jewish”, as is widely and frequently claimed, but rather exclusively pre-Christian and early Christian, and wholly rejected by Judaism.)
[22] Frank Ely Gaebelein (Editor), The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: with the New International Version, 12 Volume Set, Zondervan Press (1988): The Gospel of “Matthew certainly used Nozaraios as an adjectival form of apo Nazaret (‘from Nazareth’ or ‘Nazarene’) even though the more acceptable adjective is Nazarenos” (Nazarene), which is correctly used elsewhere in the New Testament.
[23] Professor Ted Nottingham, The Mystery of the Essenes, Video of Lecture at Northwood Christian Church, Indianapolis Indiana (2010), at 24:04 and 26:00 min.
[24] Ethel Stephana Drower, The Secret Adam: A Study of Nasoraen Gnosis, Oxford University Press, London (1960), pp.ix, xiv, xvi: The original word “Nasuraiia” (Nazarenes) means the pre-Christian Gnostic Mandaen Nasoraens, who were persecuted by the Jews and thus forced to flee Jerusalem before its fall.
[25] Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Fully Revised Edition, Eerdmans Publishing Company (1982), Volume 3, “Nazarene”, pp.499-500.
[26] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Matthew 2:23: “what had been spoken through the prophets might be fulfilled, ‘He will be called a Nazorean.’”
[27] Alan Butler & Stephen Dafoe, The Warriors and Bankers, Lewis Masonic, Surrey, England (2006), p.20.
[28] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard: “Holy Communion”, “this Religion” (Rule 2); “the Religion of knighthood” (Rule 14); “type of new Religion”, “Religion of Knights”, “Religion by armed knighthood” (Rule 57), “in every Religion” as including the Templar Order (Rule 71).
[29] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard: “Disciples” of the Grand Master as a Pontiff (Rule 7); “Patriarchate of the Temple of Solomon” in subtle Old Latin phrase (Rule 8); “divine service… dressed with the crown” as ecclesiastical sovereignty (Rule 9); Grand Mastery exercising independent ecclesiastical authority (Rule 62); “servants of the Church” under Grand Master as a Pontiff (Rule 64).
[30] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard: “manner and establishment… we heard” (Rule 3); “presented… the customs and observances… to make all known” (Rule 7); priestly origins “considered and examined through diligence” (Rule 8).
[31] Malcolm Barber & Keith Bate, The Templars: Selected Sources, Manchester University Press (2002), p.8.
[32] Michael Lamy, Les Templiers: Ces Grand Seigneurs aux Blancs Manteaux, Auberon (1994), Bordeaux (1997), p.28.
[33] Pope Innocent II, Omne Datum Optimum (29 March 1139), translated in: Malcolm Barber & Keith Bate, The Templars: Selected Sources, Manchester University Press (2002), pp.59-64.
[34] Hector Avalos, How Archaeology Killed Biblical History, Lecture Video, Minnesota Atheists Conference, USA (October 21, 2007), Part 1, “By 1900 AD… Solomon had a kingdom that stretched from Egypt to Iraq” (at 12:30 min); Hector Avalos holds a Masters in Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity School, and Ph.D. in Biblical Studies from Harvard University.
[35] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), I Kings 4:21.
[36] Charles Van der Pool, The Apostolic Bible Polyglot: Greek-English Interlinear, 2nd Edition, The Apostolic Press, Newport, Oregon (2013), I Kings 4:21.
[37] NAS Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, The Lockman Foundation (1981), Greek Dictionary: “Heos”, “Horion”.
[38] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), I Kings 4:21.
[39] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), I Kings 4:30.
[40] Charles Van der Pool, The Apostolic Bible Polyglot: Greek-English Interlinear, 2nd Edition, The Apostolic Press, Newport, Oregon (2013), I Kings 4:30.
[41] NAS Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, The Lockman Foundation (1981), Greek Dictionary: “Plethos”.
[42] J. Huehnergard, A Grammar of Akkadian, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake (2005).
[43] Andrew George, Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian, in J.N. Postgate (Editor), Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, London (2007), pp.31-71.
[44] William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, 1st Edition, Johns Hopkins University Press (1992), p.43.
[45] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), I Kings 1:39: “Zadok the Priest took an horn of oil out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon. And… all the people said, God save King Solomon.”
[46] James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, “Strong’s Concordance”, Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati (1890), “Melek”, No.4428; “Sedeq”, No.6666.
[47] Van der Toorn, Becking & Van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 1st Edition (1995), 2nd Revised Edition, Eerdmans Publishing (1999), “Elyon”, “Shalem”.
[48] Willard M. Swartley, Covenant of Peace, Eerdman’s Publishing (2006), p.255; Gary Staats, A Christological Commentary on Hebrews (2012), p.71.
[49] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), “And the king said unto Zadok, Carry back the Ark of God into the city” (II Samuel 15:25); “The king said also unto Zadok the priest, Art not thou a seer?” (II Samuel 15:27); God says: “But the priests… the sons of Zadok, that kept the charge of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from me” (Ezekiel 44:15); “It shall be for the priests that are sanctified of the sons of Zadok; which have kept my charge, which went not astray when the children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray.” (Ezekiel 48:11).
[50] James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, “Strong’s Concordance”, Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati (1890), “Melek”, No.4428; “Sedeq”, No.6666.
[51] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Genesis 14:18: “Melchizedek king of Salem… was the priest of the most high God.”
[52] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 7:1-2: “Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God… first being by interpretation King of Righeousness, and after that also King of Salem, which is, King of Peace”.
[53] Van der Toorn, Becking & Van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 1st Edition (1995), 2nd Revised Edition, Eerdmans Publishing (1999), “Elyon”, “Shalem”.
[54] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 7:1-3: “Melchisedec… priest of the most high God… without father, without mother, without descent [genealogy], having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but… abideth a priest continually.”
[55] Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, London (1995), The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo (1996), “Nubia”, pp.204-205.
[56] Juris Zarins, Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Issue 280, pp.31-65.
[57] Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, London (1995), The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo (1996), “Nubia”, p.206.
[58] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Genesis 14:18-20; Hebrews 7:1.
[59] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 7:9: “Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in [to] Abraham. For… Melchisedec met him.”
[60] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), I Kings 1:39: “Zadok the Priest took an horn of oil out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon. And… all the people said, God save King Solomon.”
[61] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 5:5; 5:6; 5:10.
[62] Charles Van der Pool, The Apostolic Bible Polyglot: Greek-English Interlinear, 2nd Edition, The Apostolic Press, Newport, Oregon (2013), Hebrews 5:5; 5:6; 5:10.
[63] James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, “Strong’s Concordance”, Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati (1890), “Archiereus”, No.749.
[64] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:17, 7:20.
[65] Charles Van der Pool, The Apostolic Bible Polyglot: Greek-English Interlinear, 2nd Edition, The Apostolic Press, Newport, Oregon (2013), Hebrews 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:17, 7:20.
[66] James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, “Strong’s Concordance”, Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati (1890), “Kata”, No.2596; “Taxis”, No.5010.
[67] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Hebrews 5:1, 10:21.
[68] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Aten” (Spirit of Sun Rays = Christian “Holy Spirit” or “Power of God”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “Aten”, N8; “Ka” (“Spirit”, Hands used on the Aten rays), D28.
[69] Donald B. Redford, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press (2001), Vol.1, “Aten”, p.157.
[70] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Aten”, N8.
[71] Donald B. Redford, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press (2001), Vol.1, “Aten”, p.156.
[72] Donald B. Redford, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press (2001), Vol.1, “Aten”, pp.157-158.
[73] New World Encyclopedia, Paragon House Publishers (September 2013), “Egyptian Book of the Dead”, “Spell 125: The Negative Confessions”.
[74] Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, Volume 2, University of California Press (1976), Part 3: “From the Book of the Dead”, “Chapter 125” at p.124.
[75] Sir Earnest Alfred Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead (1895), Grammercy Books, Random House Publishing, New York (1999), official translation by 19th century archaeologists, Chapter CXXV (125): “The Negative Confession”, from the Papyrus of Ani, at p.576.
[76] Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, The Trustees of the British Museum, London (1995), The American University in Cairo Press (1996), “Stele”, p.278.
[77] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Genesis 14:18-20.
[78] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Se Neter” (“Infuse with God” = Christian “Consecrate”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “S NTR” (“Consecrate”), S29-R8, R8-T22-X1-D21; “NTR” (“God”, Holiness, Astral), R8, R8-N14.
[79] Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London (2000), pp.12-13, p.72.
[80] Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, The Trustees of the British Museum, London (1995), The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo (1996), “Priests”, p.228.
[81] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “List of Hieroglyphic Signs” (pp.438 et seq.), “Egyptian-English Vocabulary” (pp.549 et seq.), “English-Egyptian Vocabulary” (pp.605 et seq.).
[82] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Immy Sitaa” (“Initiate” = Christian “Acolyte”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “IMY” (“who is in”), M17-Z11-G17-Z4, Z11, Z11-G17; “ST A” (library, “place of records archive”), Q1-X1- D36-Y1, Q1-X1-O1-D36,Y2.
[83] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Khry Hebit” (“Lector Priest” = Christian “Deacon”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “XRY HBT” (“Lector Priest”), V28-T28-D58, W5A-A1, W5, T28-D21-V28-D58-W3-N5-A1; “XRY A” (“Apprentice, assistant”), T28-D21-D36-Z1-A1; “XRY” (base level, “ground floor”, “lower”), T28-D21-Z4; “HBT” (“ritual book”), V28-D58-X1-W3-V12, W4-X1-Y1.
[84] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Hem Wab” (“Priest of Purity” = Christian Ordained “Priest”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “HM KA” (“soul priest”), D375-A1, D31, D375-M17-M17-D40-A1; “WAB” (“Wab Priest”), D60-N35A-A1, D60-A1;
[85] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Hem Neter” (“Priest of God” = Christian “Monsignor”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “HM NTR” (“prophet”), R8-U36; “HM KA” (“soul priest”), D375-A1, D31, D375-M17-M17-D40-A1; “HM” (“majesty”), U36-A40, U36-Z1-G7; “NTR” (“God”), R8-N14.
[86] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Sesh Mediw Neter” (“Scribe of the Word of God” = Christian “Doctor of Divinity”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “SSh” (“Scribe”), Y3-A1, O34-N37-Y1; “MDW NTR” (“Word of God”), R8-S43-D46-G43-A2, R8-S43-Y2, S43-D46-G43-Y1-Z2-R8.
[87] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Sem Tery” (“High Priest” = Christian Consecrated “Bishop”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “SM” (“priest”), S29-G17-A1; “TRY” (“high priest”), D1-Q3-Z4, T8, D1-Q3.
[88] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Meti N Sa” (“Arch High Priest” = Christian “Archbishop”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “MTY N SA” (“controller of priestly phyle”), D52-X1-N35-V16, D51-X1-Z4-A1-N35-V17-A1-Z2.
[89] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Miter Sem Tery” (“Master High Priest” = Christian “Cardinal”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “MTR” (master or teacher, “instruct” and “exhibit virtues” as teaching), D52-X1-D21; “SM” (“priest”), S29-G17-A1; “TRY” (“high priest”), D1-Q3-Z4, T8, D1-Q3.
[90] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Miter Neter Tepi” (“First Teacher of God” = Christian “Pontiff”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “MTR” (teacher, “instruct” and “exhibit virtues” as teaching), D52-X1-D21; “NTR” (“God”, Holiness, Astral), R8, R8-N14; “TPY” (“First High Priest”), D1-Q3-Z4, D1-Q3, T8; “TP” (Pontiff, “Chief” High Priest), D1-Z1, D1-Q3.
[91] Montague Rhodes James, The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford University Press (1707), Clarendon Press, Oxford (1924), Acts of Thomas, 27.
[92] Montague Rhodes James, The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford University Press (1707), Clarendon Press, Oxford (1924), Pistis Sophia, 36, pp.46-47.
[93] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Proverbs 9:1.
[94] Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London (2000), Chapter 5, “Western Thebes: Medinet Habu”, p.193; “Chronology of the Temple Builders”, p.12.
[95] New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Matthew 16:19.
[96] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Zez Demid Mat Niwet Per” (“Move to Bind the Heavens by the Lower Heaven of the Temple”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “ZHZ” (Move, “shake” as a “flagellum”), S45; “DMD” (Bind, “Unite” as “knotted strips of cloth” bound together), S23; “SNW” (Bind, “cartouche” by “rope encircling a region” being “bound” to close the circle), V9; “MAT” (heavens, realm of God, as “kind of land”), Aa-6; “NIWT” (“lower heaven”), N35-X1-O49-N50, O49-X1-Z1, O49; “NIWTY” (divine house), O49-G4; “PR” (“Temple”), O49.
[97] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Neterwoo” (“Gods” = Christian “Angels” and “Saints”), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “NTRW” (Holies, such as Angels or Saints, mistranslated as “Gods”), R8-R8-R8, (Prophets speaking Holiness) R8-N35-M6-M6-M6; “HM NTR” (“Prophet” as a Saint), R8-U36; “NTR” (Holiness as Saintly: flag), R8, (Astral as Angelic: flag-star), R8-N14; “TRY” (Holiness or Divinity, as “high priest”), D1-Q3-Z4, T8, D1-Q3; “NIWTYW” (People, “citizens”, as “of” or “from” the Temple complex) O49-X1-G4-A1-Z2; “DWT NTR” (“Netherworld”: circled star), N15.
[98] Sir Alan G. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: The Study of Hieroglyphs, Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, Griffith Institute, Oxford (1927), “Dewit Neter” (“Netherworld” as heavenly realm), List of Hieroglyphic Signs (pp.438 et seq.): “DWT NTR” (“Netherworld”: circled star), N15.
[99] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), Isaiah 41:21-23, “Produce your cause, saith the Lord; bring forth your strong reasons… Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that ye are gods; yea, do good.”; Psalm 82:1-7, “God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; He judgeth among the gods. … I have said, Ye are gods, and all of you are children of the Most High.”
[100] Old Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990), John 10:34-35, “Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, ‘I said, Ye are gods’? If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken.”
[101] The Vatican, The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908), Volume 4, “Councils”, “III. Historical Sketch of Ecumenical Councils”, Part 7, p.425.
[102] The Vatican, The Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), Volume 11, “Nicaea, Councils of”, “II. Second Council of Nicaea”, p.46.
[103] The Holy Bible, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press (1990): For the Ark of the Covenant… “make one cherub [angel] on the one end, and the other cherub on the other end.” (Exodus 25:19; Numbers 7:89); For the Temple of Solomon: “And it was made with cherubims [angels]… From the ground unto above the door were cherubims… and on the wall of the Temple.” (Ezekiel 41:18-20); Confirmed in the New Testament: “And over it the cherubims [angels] of glory shadowing the mercy seat” (Hebrews 9:5).